Working with string in Python

message = 'Hello World'

print(len(message)) # 11

print(message[0]) # H
print(message[10]) # d
print(message[-1]) # d (last char in the string)

print('String slicing:')

print(message[0:5]) # Hello
print(message[:5]) # Hello (Start from the first element if no index)

print(message[6:11]) # World
print(message[6:]) # World (End with the last element if no index)

print('String methods:')

print(message.lower()) # hello world
print(message.upper()) # HELLO WORLD

print(message.count('Hello')) # 1
print(message.count('l')) # 3

print(message.find('World')) # 6
print(message.find('Planet')) # -1

message_updated = message.replace('World', 'Planet')

print(message.startswith('Hello')) # True
print(message.endswith('World')) # True

print(message_updated) # Hello Planet

print('cats, dogs, parrots'.split(', ')) # ['cats', 'dogs', 'parrots']

spaces = '  Hello  '
print(spaces.strip()) # Hello

print('Convert to a string ((Casting to a string)):')
print(str(77)) # 77 as a string

print('Multiline string:')
multiline = '''Line one
Line two
Line three'''
print(multiline.split('\n')) # ['Line one', 'Line two', 'Line three']

print('Formatting a string:')

greet = 'Hello'
name = 'Jack'

greeting_1 = greet + ', ' + name + '!'
print(greeting_1) # Hello, Jack!

greeting_2 = '{}, {}!'.format(greet, name)
print(greeting_2) # Hello, Jack!

greeting_3 = f'{greet}, {name}!' # Works in Python 3.6 and above
print(greeting_3) # Hello, Jack!

print('In and not in for strings:')

print('Hello' in 'Hello World') # True
print('HELLO' in 'Hello World') # False
print('cats' not in 'cats and dogs') # False

print('Check type:')
print(isinstance(message, str)) # True
print(type(message)) # <class 'str'>

print('String info:+')
# print(dir(str)) # Show all the attributes and methods available for string class
# print(dir(message)) # Same as above
# print(help(len)) # Show help info on the method
# print(help(str.lower)) # Show help info on the method